Work is being done at many levels of analysis-from neurons to brain systems and whole behavior. Those studying memory include psychologists, neurologists, biologists, mathematicians, and computer scientists. Narrow subdisciplines study small pieces of the problem. Much of this newer work is quite specialized. Yet remarkable progress has been made, especially in the last two decades. What has happened since then? We still know relatively little about how the brain learns and remembers. One could say that the work of Lashley and Hebb inaugurated the modern era of memory research. In any case, an abundance of facts and observations have accumulated. Some even say that there is no theory in neuroscience, so great has been the ascendancy of method and techniques over ideas. The last few decades have seen an explosion of technology and data. Then, in 1949, Hebb's famous book The Organization of Behavior, A Neuropsychological Theory convinced many that it was possible after all to think seriously about the brain processes underlying perception, memory, and other higher cognitive functions. In fact, the neural basis of memory in particular and cognition in general seemed almost beyond reach at that time.
(The term seems to have first appeared in the literature in 1937.) Lashley's important experiments showed that many ideas about brain function, derived from early-century stimulus-response theory, were naive and simplistic. In the 1930s Karl Lashley established a laboratory of neuropsychology-literally the joining of neurology and psychology. One major development has been the emergence of neuroscience and the possibility of investigating brain mechanisms subserving memory functions. Work on memory has progressed since then in many fruitful directions. Though one is hard pressed to identify another decade like the 1880s, VII Then in 1890 William James published his famous Principles of Psychology, which contained among many other things his distinction between primary and secondary memory, a distinction that was later linked to the organization and function of brain systems. In 1887, Sergei Korsakoff, a Russian psychiatrist, published the first descriptions of the syndrome of amnesia that would bear his name-now the best known and most widely studied example of the amnesic syndrome. These showed that learning, remembering, and forgetting had lawful properties and that they could be studied with scientific methods. In 1885 Hermann Ebbinghaus published Uber das Gedachtnis (On Memory), which described the first systematic laboratory studies of memory. This was the first comprehensive and systematic compilation of human amnesic cases and the first attempt to develop from the facts of amnesia general principles about the organization of normal memory. It began in 1881 with the publication of Theodule Ribot's Les Maladies de la Memoire (translated into English in 1882 as Diseases of Memory). My colleague Paul Rozin once called that period, the 1880s, the golden decade of memory research.
KODSU NOTSU KORS SERIES
One hundred years ago, a remarkable series of publications appeared that would stand as landmark work in the field of memory research. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Squire, Larry R.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016-4314 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. Oxford University Press Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Petaling Jaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan NicosiaĬopyright © 1987 by Oxford University Press, Inc. New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1987 SQUIRE Veterans Administration Medical Center and University of California San Diego If (localStorage.MEMORY AND BRAIN LARRY R.
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